INDOEX: 1998 CAMPAIGN

Experimental Design Document

Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) 1998 First Field Phase DRAFT VERSION 2.0 5 SEPTEMBER 1997

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table of Contents

 

 

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES AND EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW

3.0 SHIP PROGRAM

3.1 OVERVIEW

3.2 MEASUREMENTS

3.3 SHIP TRACKS AND SCHEDULE

4.0 SURFACE MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM

4.1 GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS

4.2 INDIAN OCEAN AEROSOLS PROGRAM

5.0 UPPER AIR MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM

5.1 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES

5.2 OTHER OBJECTIVES

5.3 METHODOLOGY

6.0 SATELLITE MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

6.1 SPECIFIC SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES

6.2 SUPPORTING OBJECTIVE

6.3 DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTIVES

6.4 FIELD OPERATIONS

7.0 TRAJECTORY MODELING PROGRAM AND OPERATIONS TEST

7.1 TRAJECTORY FORECAST EXERCISE

7.2 OPERATIONS CENTER TEST

8.0 DATA PROTOCOL AND MANAGEMENT

Appendix A INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION

Appendix B INTERNATIONAL STEERING GROUP

Appendix C UNITED STATES STEERING COMMITTEE

Appendix D LIST OF ACRONYMS

 

 

 

 

1.0 INTRODUCTION

 

The first field phase (FFP) of INDOEX will be undertaken during 1 January to 1 April 1998. The goals of the FFP are threefold:

 

 

 

 

The following observing platforms will participate during this phase:

 

  1. Oceanographic Research Vessel (ORV) SAGAR KANYA Cruise: 17 February to 30 March 1998.
  2. Island Stations:
    1. Male Site Observations: 15 January to 31 December 1998.
    2. Mauritius/Reunion Site Observations 1 January to 1 April 1998.
  1. Indian LIDAR Stations: Mt. Abu, Pune and Trivandrum.
  2. INSAT Satellite (Cloud Imager).
  3. TRMM Satellite (CERES instrument for radiation budget).
  4. ScaRaB Radiation Budget Satellite.
  5. NOAA Polar Orbiter (AVHRR).
  6. DMSP Satellite (Liquid Water).
  7. IMD balloonsonde from Minicoy, Goa, Lucknow, Cochin, Madras, Vizag, Port Blair, and Trivandrum.

 

2.0 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES AND EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW

 

Specific objectives of the FFP are the following:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

More importantly, this FFP will give the international science team an opportunity to collaborate across national boundaries in field campaigns. The experience that we will gain from this FFP will ensure the success of the IFP.

 

COMPREHENSIVE DATA SETS TO BE DETERMINED

 

  1. Surface Solar (broadband and spectral) fluxes of solar radiation and column aerosol optical depth.
  2.  

  3. Boundary layer aerosol physico-chemical properties.
  4.  

  5. Vertical aerosol backscatter structure determined by NCAR SABL LIDAR.
  6.  

  7. Vertical water vapor and ozone distribution.
  8.  

  9. Boundary layer structure, its diurnal variability and interaction with various chemistry and aerosol components of INDOEX over the Indian Ocean region.
  10.  

  11. The extent of continental flow over the ocean and its effects on the marine boundary layer height and transport of aerosols.
  12.  

  13. Surface energy/heat fluxes in relation to SST gradients in the INDOEX region.
  14.  

  15. Direct estimate of turbulent fluxes.
  16.  

  17. Year-round climatology of reactive and conservative, atmospheric trace gases.

 

EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW

 

The experiment consists of the following components:

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.0 SHIP PROGRAM

3.1 OVERVIEW

 

The vessel to be used for the FFP is the ORV SAGAR KANYA (see vessel diagram in Figure 3-1 and specifications in Table 3-1). Measuring over 100 m in length and containing 13 scientific laboratories, the ORV SAGAR KANYA has an endurance of 45 days and a range of approximately 10,000 miles. The ship can accommodate up to 91 persons including 28 scientists. For meteorological data gathering the ship will be equipped with buoys and balloons, as well as standard weather sensors. Other sensors will be added by PIs involved in the project (see below). Laboratories onboard include wet and dry labs at the port side and on the main deck, a photo lab and print room, a multipurpose lab, electronic lab, geophysical lab, and chemistry lab. The ship also contains an intercom talk back system with 30 extensions as well as an automatic telephone system with 50 extensions.

3.2 MEASUREMENTS

 

The following measurements are proposed to be made aboard the Indian ORV SAGAR KANYA to realize the Scientific Objectives (see Table 3-2 for a complete list).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3-1: ORV SAGAR KANYA Specifications (Part 1 of 2)

 

Ship Name:

ORV SAGAR KANYA (India)

US NODC Code: 41SG

 

Dept. of Ocean Development (DOD)

     

Contact:

Director/Chairman, Ship Committee

Operator:

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)

 

Dona Paula

Goa 403004 India

 

Phone:

91-0832-4612

 

Fax:

91-0832-4612

 

Cable:

OCEANOLOGY PANAJI

 

Length (m):

100.34

Range (n. mi.):

9999

Crew:

42

Beam (m):

16.39

Endurance (days):

45

Officers:

18

Draft (m):

5.60

Cruise speed (kt):

12.0

Scientists:

31

Gross Tons:

4209

Max. speed (kt):

14.2

Air Conditioned:

yes

Power (HP):

4825

Aux. Power (HP):

     

Main vessel activity:

Oceanography

   

Year built:

83

   

Ocean area where vessel operates:

Indian Ocean

   
       

Capacities and working spaces

     

Dry cargo holds:

450 m3

   

Fuel:

0 m3

   

Fresh water:

0 m3

   

Wet laboratories (total area):

80 m2

   

Dry laboratories (total area):

290 m2

   

Fresh water generator capacity:

40 m3

   

Freeboard to working deck:

9.8 m

   

Free working deck area:

470 m2

   

Space for container laboratory:

2 m x 6 m

   

Design Particulars

     

Hull material:

Steel

   

Energy sources

none

   

Main engine(s):

5

Make:

Diesel El Model

Power (BHP) each main engine:

4825 at 750 rpm

   

Propeller Diameter:

2.750 m

Max propeller rpm:

220

Total power auxiliary diesels:

0HP

   

 

 

 

Table 3-1: ORV SAGAR KANYA Specifications (continued, Part 2 of 2)

 

 

Electrical systems

AC Voltage:

660/400 V

total

630 kVA

3 phase

50 Hz

AC Voltage:

0/400 V

total

400 kVA

3 phase

50 Hz

DC Voltage:

0V

total

0V

   

Stabilized system for scientific equipment:

230 VAC

160 AMP

50 Hz

   

 

Fixed equipment (navigation and communication)

Nav. equip:

Radar Decca SatNav Gyro EMLog DopLog

Comms:

Fax SatCom

       

Comm sat:

none

       

GPS:

none

       

 

Acoustic

         

Echosounders for scientific research:

12 kHz

30 kHz

Sonar:

Geological

       

Provisions for silent ship operation:

 

Oceanographic

Oceanographic winches:

0

Steel wire length:

9999 m

Safe working load

2 tons

Conducting cable length:

6000 m

Safe working load

2 tons

Trawl winch length:

9999 m

Safe working load

18 tons

 

Other

Specify:

PVC Coated Wire

length:

6000 m

safe working load:

2 tons

Gantry

Position: Stern, Amidships

Clearance above deck: 9m

Outboard extension: 3 m

Safe working load at max. reach: 22 tons

 

Crane

Position: stern, Amidships

Clearance above deck: 12 m

Outboard extension: 9 m

Safe working load at max. reach: 22 tons

 

Other winches for instruments or sampling:

Side Scan Sonar

Magneto-meter

Under Water

   

Electronic data processing equipment permanently available on board

Computer: HP 1000 2117F: IBM PC PC/AT

Vessel construction and maintenance supervision

Construction supervised by:

Classification Society: LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIP

 

Others, specify:

Published vessel data

Magazine: Internal circulation only

 

 

Essential requirements for the measurement of fluxes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3-1

ORV Sagar Kanya

("Sea Maiden")

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LOA:

100 m

 

Design:

RF Reedereigemeinschaft

Draft:

5.6 m

   

Forchungsschiffahrt GmbH, Bremen

Displacement:

4200 tons

 

Construction:

Schlichting-Werft, Travemünde

Crew:

60

 

Launched:

1983

Scientists:

31

     

Max. Speed

14.5 knots

     

Range:

8700 n mi

     

 

 

 

TABLE 3-2: CRUISE BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 1 of 3)

 

 

Measurement

 

 

Instrument

 

Investigator

 

Institution

 

Location on Ship

 

CHEMISTRY AND TRACE GASES

 

Surface NOx

 

Chemiluminence

Gupta

Lal

NPL

PRL

Wet lab (main deck)

CO2 (air/water)

IR absorption

Gupta

NPL

Wet lab (main deck)

CO2 (sea water)

Chemical

George

NIO

Chemistry Lab.

Surface CO

IR absorption

Lal

Gupta

PRL

NPL

Wet lab (main deck)

Green House Gases

(CH4/NMHC)

Grab samplers/GC

Gupta

Naqvi

NPL

NIO

Fore deck

Surface O3

UV absorption

Dickerson

Zalpuri

Lal

UMD

NPL

PRL

Wet lab (main deck)

DMS (aqueous)

Stripping

Naqvi

NIO

Fore deck

SF6

GC - ECD

Lal

PRL

Wet lab (main deck)

Surface SO2

Pulsed florescence

Dickerson

UMD

Column O3

Brewer

IMD

Front side of B deck

Sondes

Kley

KFA

Precipitation chemistry

Rain water collectors

Gupta

Devara

NPL

IITM

Front side of B deck and

Fore deck

Precipitation chemistry

W.O. Collector, major and trace components

Granat

MISU

Front side of B deck

 

 

 

TABLE 3-2: CRUISE BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 2 of 3)

 

 

Measurement

 

 

Instrument

 

Investigator

 

Institution

 

Location on Ship

 

AEROSOLS

Aerosols Comp

High volume sampler

Gupta

Devara

NPL

IITM

Front side of B deck

Aerosol mass conc. and size distribution

QCM

Jayaraman

PRL

Wet lab (main deck)

Aerosols optical depth at 5 wavelengths

Hand-held photometer

Jayaraman

PRL

Front side of B deck

Hand-held radiometer (MWR)

Krishnamoorthy

SPL

Front side of B deck

 

Aerosol optical depth

SABL

Heymsfield

NCAR

Sun photometers

Shaw

U Alaska

 

Marine aerosols

Aitkin Nuclei Counter

Devara

IITM

Front side of B deck

CCN spectrometer

Shaw

U Alaska

Aerosols & gaseous optical depths

Multi-channel solar radiometer

Devara

Krishnamoorthy

IITM

SPL

Front side of B deck

Vertical profile of aerosols

Twilight photometer

Devara

IITM

Front side of B deck

Electrical conductivity and electric field

Conductivity instrument

A.C. Field Mill

Kamra

IITM

Front side of B deck

Aerosol size distribution

Electrical aerosol analyzer

Kamra

IITM

Front side of B deck

Aerosol chemistry

5-stage Berner Impactor

Granat

MISU

Front side of B deck

 

 

TABLE 3-2: CRUISE BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 3 of 3)

 

 

Measurement

 

 

Instrument

 

Investigator

 

Institution

 

Location on Ship

 

RADIATION

Direct solar flux measurements at two spectral bands

Pyheliometer and Pyranometer

Jayaraman

PRL

Front side of B deck

Total incoming & outgoing radiation

Radiometer sonde

IMD

Back side of A deck

 

 

Hemispheric broadband fluxes

PSP pyranometers (295 – 3700 nm)

Meywerk

C4

5-channel narrow-band UV/VIS radiometer

Meywerk

C4

512-channel narrow-band spectro-radiometer (350 – 1050 nm)

Meywerk

C4

UV actinic flux

UV radiometers

Kley

KFA

 

METEOROLOGY PARAMETERS

Wind velocity and direction, humidity and temperature

Propeller anememeter Pt., resistance temp., Humicap humidity sensor

Sen Gupta

Prabhu

Raman

SPL

IISc

NCSU

Boom deployed from fore deck

Meteorology observa- tions & ozone profile

Radio & ozone sonde

IMD

Back side of A deck

Upper Air Meteorology

Radiosondes

Heymsfield

NCAR

Back side of A deck

Boundary layer

SODAR

Raman

NCSU

Clouds

Wide-angle video camera

Meywerk

C4

 

OCEANIC PARAMETERS

Ocean Parameters

CTD

Rao

NIO

Main deck

 

 

3.3 SHIP TRACKS AND SCHEDULE

 

The proposed cruise track of the ORV SAGAR KANYA is shown in Figure 3-2 and the schedule of the ORV SAGAR KANYA is summarized in Table 3-3.

 

TABLE 3-3: PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF THE 1998 FIRST PHASE (FFP)

OF INDOEX

 

 

Date

 

Event

01 January

Begin FFP special observations at Mauritius and Reunion Island Stations

15 January

Set up of INDOEX observatory on Kaashidhoo, Maldives

02 February

Begin operations and special forecast exercise in Male

05 February

Begin intensive vertical aerosol and water vapor profile data at Hulule (SABL)

17 February

ORV SAGAR KANYA Departs Goa, India.

22 February

ORV SAGAR KANYA arrives in Male. Install SABL on ORV SAGAR KANYA

24 February

ORV SAGAR KANYA departs Maldives for cruise south with possible one-day departure to Kaashidhoo (starting 22 - 23 February

10 March

ORV SAGAR KANYA arrives in Mauritius. Begin joint ship-surface instrument calibration and intercomparison studies

12 March

ORV SAGAR KANYA departs Mauritius for return cruise track back to Goa, India

30 March

ORV SAGAR KANYA arrives in Goa, India. Data collection aboard ship ends

01 April

End FFP special observations at Mauritius and Reunion Island stations

End FFP Operations and special forecast exercise

 

Figure 3-2

 

 

4.0 SURFACE MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM

 

Intensified surface observations will be undertaken from the following sites:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.1 GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS

 

The following includes a consolidated list of experiments on aerosols, radiation and trace gas measurements; proposal for INDOEX, from different ground sites in India/abroad. These measurements are planned to be made regularly and begin much prior to and along with the 1998 INDOEX FFP and are expected to continue through the1999 INDOEX IFP. This list is based on:

  1. The draft report generated after the National Workshop on INDOEX (NPL, August 1996) and the subsequent Paris meeting;
  2. Deliberations in the INDOEX International Workshop at NPL (3 - 5 January 1997);
  3. Discussions in the Working Group Meeting on ground sites (6 January 1997 at NPL);
  4. Deliberations in the INDOEX Cruise 120 Results Review and National Steering Committee meetings held at NPL, New Delhi, 13 – 14 August 1997.
  5. Additional inputs obtained to date.

 

[The measurements are basically pertinent to aerosols, radiation flux and trace gases. Some unknown areas still exist for which inputs have not yet been received and these are identified by `?' marks. These may be filled in while finalizing the list.]

 

Table 4.1 summarizes the major ground sites and types of measurements prepared at each location, while Table 4.2 gives a more detailed measurement plan.

4.2 INDIAN OCEAN AEROSOLS PROGRAM

 

The objective of the program coordinated by the University of Miami (J.M. Prospero, D.L. Savoie and H. Maring) is to develop a 2.5 year surface-based record of aerosol physical and chemical properties in the region of the INDOEX Intensive Field Phase. In order to obtain data that can be used for planning purposes for the Intensive Field Phase, a field station will be established in January 1998 on the island of Kaashidhoo, the Maldives. Installation includes a high-volume aerosol sampler modified with the insertion of 10 micron and 1 micron impactor stages; with these filter and impaction substrates aerosol composition will be measured in two particle-size ranges: 1 - 10 micron and less than 1 micron diameter. To minimize impacts from local sources, the sampler is controlled by a wind sensor system that activates the samples only when the winds blow from the open ocean at a velocity greater than or equal to 1 m/s.

 

The operating parameters and the local meteorological conditions (wind direction and velocity, temperature and RH) are logged by a computer and will become a daily part of the meteorological record for the site. The sampler will collect daily continuous samples (when conditions are met); all samples are returned to Miami on a weekly basis for analysis. In Miami, both size fractions of the aerosol samples will be analyzed for water-soluble Na+, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-, methanesulfonate, and NH4+. Weights after ashing at 500°C will be measured in order to estimate the ambient concentrations of mineral dust.

 

Also in January 1998 instruments will be deployed that measure aerosol light-scatter and light-absorption properties. Continuous measurements will be made of:

 

  1. Aerosol light scatter using integrating nephelometers (Radiance Research, Model M903). These will be coupled with switchable 1 micron and 10 micron impactors so as to obtain data that is specific to the large particle and sub-micron size ranges. Measurements will be made on air streams that are heated to reduce the relative humidity to less than 50%. The Nephelometer data will be related to the size-fractionated chemical composition to estimate the mass scattering efficiency of the individual aerosol species.
  2.  

  3. Total aerosol absorption coefficient using an aerosol absorption photometer (Radiance Research Particle/Soot Absorption Photometer) operating in the green spectral range. The absorption photometer will be controlled so that it only samples when winds blow from the sea. All aerosol data are logged on a computer at one-minute intervals. All chemical data and aerosol measurements will be processed promptly so that the data can be used for planning of the INDOEX Intensive field phase. Measurements will continue through the spring of 2000.

 

 

TABLE 4-1: GROUND MEASUREMENT SITES

 

 

Ground Sites

 

Institution Responsible

 

Contact Person

 

Measurements

 

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

 

C4

 

Dr. Jürgen M. Lobert

Dr. Andrew Heymsfield

 

Radiation and trace gases

SABL and upper air soundings

 

Mauritius

 

SPL, NPL and IITM jointly with University of Mauritius (UM)

 

Dr. A.P. Mitra (NPL),

Dr. D.C. Parashar (NPL),

Dr. B.V. Krishnamurthy (SPL),

Dr. K. Krishnamurthy (SPL),

Dr. P.C.S. Devara (IITM),

Prof. I. Fagoonee (UM)

 

Aerosol and trace gases

 

Minicoy

 

SPL jointly with IMD

 

Dr. K. Krishnamurthy (SPL),

Dr. Prabha R Nair (SPL),

 

Aerosols

Trace gases

 

Mt. Abu

 

Physical Research Lab. (PRL)

 

Dr. A. Jayaraman

Dr. Shyam Lal

 

Aerosols and radiation

Trace gases

 

New Delhi

 

National Physical Laboratory

(NPL)

 

Dr. D.C. Parashar

Dr. P.K. Gupta

 

Dr. M.C. Sharma

Dr. Risal Singh

 

Aerosols and trace gases

 

 

Radiation and aerosols

 

Pune

 

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM)

 

Dr. P.C.S. Devara

 

Aerosols, radiation and trace gases

 

Trivandrum

 

Space Physics Laboratory

(SPL, VSSC)

Physical Research Lab (PRL)

 

Dr. B.V. Krishnamurthy,

Dr. K. Krishnamurthy,

Dr. K. Parameswaran,

Dr. K. Rajeev

Dr. N. Satyanarayana

Dr. Shyam Lal

 

Aerosols and radiation

Trace gases

 

 

 

TABLE 4-2: GROUND BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 1 of 4)

 

 

Measurement

 

 

Instrument

 

Location(s)

 

Institution

 

Measurement

Frequency

 

AEROSOL

 

 

Vertical Profiles (Mixing region up to ~2 km)

 

Lidar (Continuous wave)

(514.5 nm)

 

 

Trivandrum

 

Pune

 

SPL

 

IITM

 

1 profile/night 3 to 5 days a month

1 profile/night on all Wednesdays

 

Vertical Profiles

(up to stratosphere)

 

 

Pulsed lidar Nd:YAG

(532 nm)

 

 

Trivandrum

Mt. Abu

Delhi

 

SPL

NMRF

PRL/NPL/GSFC

 

1 profile/night on desired days

 

 

Vertical profiles of aerosols

 

Near IR Twilight photometer

 

Mauritius

 

IITM

 

During twilight period of Jan-May 1998

 

Surface sampling, and size

 

4-stage high volume sampler

 

Trivandrum

 

SPL/PRL

 

Daily/

weekly

 

8-stage Anderson impactor

 

Mumbai

 

IIT

 

As needed

 

Segregated Chemical Comp & Mass size distribution

 

4-stage high volume sampler

 

Minicoy

 

SPL

 

Daily/weekly

 

Mass size distribution

 

14 stage Anderson Sampler

 

Trivandrum

 

SPL

 

1 per month

 

10 stage QCM

 

Mumbai

 

IIT

 

As desired

 

 

 

 

Table 4-2: GROUND BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 2 of 4)

 

 

Measurement

 

 

Instrument

 

 

Location(s)

 

 

Institution

 

 

Measurement

Frequency

 

RADIATION

 

Spectral Optical Depth (vertical column)

 

10-channel multiwavelength radiometer (MWR) (380, 400, 450, 500, 600, 650, 750, 850, 935 & 1025 nm)

 

13-channel multiwavelength radiometer (MWR) (selectable 250 - 1100 nm)

 

Sunphotometer—5-channel (399, 497, 667, 848 & 1050 nm)

 

Spectrophotometer

(350 - 1100 nm)

Trivandrum, Minicoy, Mysore, Vizag, Jodhpur, Mauritius (Jointly)

 

 

 

Pune

 

 

 

Mt. Abu

 

 

New Delhi

SPL

 

 

 

 

IITM

 

 

 

PRL

 

 

NPL

On all clear days/clear periods of the days

 

 

 

On all clear days/clear periods of the days

 

 

On all clear days/clear periods of the days

 

On all clear days/clear periods of the days

Global, direct, indirect radiation flux 300 - 1100 and 780 - 1100 nm

Kipp & Zonen Pyranometer, suntracker, Pyrheliometer

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

C4

continuous, year round

Global, direct, indirect radiation flux 300 - 700 nm

5-channel, UV/VIS radiometer, BSI GTR-511

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

C4

continuous, year round

Light scattering extinction coefficient

Radiance Research M903 Nephelometer

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

U Miami

continuous, year round

Optical extinction coefficient

Radiance Research PSAP Aethelometer

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

U Miami

continuous, year round

 

 

Table 4-2: GROUND BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 3 of 4)

 

 

Measurement

 

 

Instrument

 

 

Location(s)

 

 

Institution

 

 

Measurement

Frequency

 

 

RADIATION (continued)

Global & diffuse flux

CIMEL Radiometer

Trivandrum

SPL

regular

Total incoming & outgoing radiation from ground to 30 km

Radiometer sonde

Delhi, Nagpur, Pune,

Bhubneshwar, Trivandrum

IMD

regular

 

CHEMISTRY AND TRACE GASES

 

Surface O3, NOx, CO, CO2 and CH4

GC, UV absorption, IR absorption, chemistry

Mt. Abu,

Minicoy, Delhi

PRL

NPL, NMRF

regular

Column content of trace species NO2, OC10, H2O, O3, BrO

UV--visible spectrometer

Pune, Mauritius

IITM

regular

Surface, CH4, CO & NOx

Gas & ion chromatographs

Delhi, Mauritius

NPL

regular

Surface O3

Chemical

Delhi, Pune, Kodaikanal, Srinagar

Mt. Abu, Trivandrumi

IMD

PRL

regular

Thermo Environmental UV absorption analyzer

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

U Miami

continuous, year round

Surface CO

API NDIR analyzer

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

C4

continuous, year round

Surface SF6, CFCs

HP GC/ECD

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

C4

quasi-continuous, year round

O3 profile

Ozonesonde

Delhi, Pune,

Trivandrum

IMD

quasi-continuous, year round

O3 profile (Umkehr)

Brewer spectrometer

Delhi, Kodaikanal

IMD

quasi-continuous, year round

O3 content

Dobson

Delhi, Pune, Srinagar,

Kodaikanal, Varanasi

IMD

quasi-continuous, year round

Rain chemistry

W.O. collector major ions

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

MISU

Rain event

Bulk Aerosol Sampling

Filter Impactor

Kaashidhoo/Maldives

U Miami

continuous, year round

 

5.0 UPPER AIR MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM

5.1 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES

 

  1. To characterize the thermodynamic structure of the lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean.
  2.  

  3. To analyze energy budget at the Ocean surface and estimate different components in it.
  4.  

  5. To estimate entrainment parameters at the top of the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL).
  6.  

  7. To study the marine tropopause structure and implications for related exchange mechanisms.
  8.  

  9. To estimate the clear sky radiation fluxes at the sea surface in the near infrared bands and compare with observed fluxes.
  10.  

  11. To examine the dependence of aerosol column optical depths on the boundary layer relative humidity/column water vapor amount.
  12.  

  13. To simulate the outgoing OLR in the window region (10 - 12 microns) and compare it with observed values by INSAT and AVHRR data using the water vapor distribution.
  14.  

  15. To relate the observed cloud structure to the thermodynamics of the lower troposphere.
  16.  

  17. To correlate ozone vertical variation with the thermodynamic structure of the marine environment.
  18.  

  19. To test model parameterizations over the Indian Ocean domain and provide corrections for model plume trajectories during the operational phase.

5.2 OTHER OBJECTIVES

 

The data from the meteorological measurements will be used to plan INDOEX aircraft and ship tracks. The soundings will be of use in initializing and verifying pre-INDOEX numerical model studies, and calibrating remote sensing measurement algorithms.

5.3 METHODOLOGY

 

  1. Height of the MBL will be estimated from vertical profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity and analyzed as a function of surface fluxes, SST, distance from the ITCZ and the coastline.
  2.  

  3. Temporal and spatial variation of winds, temperature, and humidity will be obtained using the soundings.
  4. The growth of MBL and the associated convection in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean will be documented. Sample trajectories related to actual plumes will be obtained by releasing four test boundary layer superpressurized (isopycnic) balloons from Goa, drifting at about 925 hPa nominal pressure
  5.  

  6. Various components of the surface energy budget will be estimated using the surface turbulent heat flux, radiation and ocean-mixed layer measurements.
  7.  

  8. Estimate the entrainment velocities using surface fluxes and associated convection with the scalar profiles. A more detailed estimate will be made using the aircraft measurements in the next phase.
  9.  

  10. Provide vertical profiles of humidity and temperature to achieve scientific objectives 6 and 7.
  11.  

  12. Ozone sondes are planned to be released for the vertical ozone variation and the observations will be related to the boundary layer and the upper atmosphere thermodynamics.
  13.  

  14. Cloud depths and extent will be determined from the profiles of humidity and temperature obtained from the CLASS while the ship observer will maintain a log of the cloud types and their oktal distribution.

 

High-resolution soundings of the marine boundary layer are essential to determine the height of the boundary layer, the tropopause structure, and to estimate entrainment. Transition of the boundary layer from a region of no convection (northern Arabian Sea) to a region of shallow

convection (southern Arabian Sea and northern Indian Ocean) and on to a region of to deep convection (near the ITCZ) requires obtaining the soundings systematically along the proposed ship tracks. The soundings will be taken in such way to investigate the existence of any diurnal

variations. CLASS soundings will provide the required high vertical resolution (40m), particularly in the boundary layer. There is no climatology of detailed information made in this region. Observations of CLASS profiles were made in conjunction with surface turbulent fluxes

during the ORV SAGAR KANYA cruise 120 (December 27, 1996 to January 30, 1997) by NCSU, SPL, and IISc.

 

Additionally,

    1. Devdutta S. Niyogi and Sethu Raman (NCSU) are already developing a report of the soundings made during the pre-INDOEX cruise in January 1997.
    2. A numerical modeling study is also underway at NCSU using profiles and satellite imagery in collaboration with U.C. Mohanty (IITD).
    3. Additionally, K. SenGupta (SPL) is collaborating with NCSU to develop and test a refined algorithm for air-sea interaction fluxes and turbulence analysis to be used during 1998 and 1997. Observations made jointly by NCSU, SPL, and IISc during cruise 120 are being analyzed.
    4. The ship instrumentation and measurement protocol is being validated by NCSU, SPL, and IISc (G. S. Bhat, S. Ammenullah, and A. Prabhu).

 

6.0 SATELLITE MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

6.1 SPECIFIC SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES

 

  1. Test satellite retrievals of optical depth along the ship track against shipboard measurements.
  2.  

  3. Test satellite identification of low-altitude cloud systems against in-situ meteorological observations.
  4.  

  5. Measure TOA cloud albedo and effective cloud-droplet radii for low-altitude cloud systems encountered along the cruise track.
  6.  

  7. Quantify the indirect effect using ship-based microwave retrievals of column liquid water cloud droplet retrievals, and albedo data.
  8.  

  9. Relate variations in aerosol properties measured from the ship to large-scale gradients in aerosol optical depth and distribution.
  10.  

  11. Correlate surface radiation measurements with cloud type and cloud amount.

 

6.2 SUPPORTING OBJECTIVE

 

Calibrate narrow-band radiometers on operational geosynchronous weather satellites against broad-band satellite instruments in preparation for INDOEX FFP.

 

6.3 DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTIVES

 

A complete description of the methodologies for retrieving aerosol optical depth effective cloud radii from satellite measurements is given in the U.S. INDOEX proposal. A summary of satellite instruments, measurements, and applications are provided in Table 6-1. Since the U.S. proposal was submitted, several additional initiatives for the satellite component of INDOEX have been undertaken:

 

  1. The U.S. satellite receivers will be installed at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography prior to deployment in the field. The satellite retrieval algorithms for cloud and aerosol properties will be tested (by J. Coakley, OSU) using surface observations from the Cloud Aerosol Radiation Pollution Observing System (CARPOS) installed at UCSD. The pre-INDOEX cruise will represent one of the first opportunities to test and validate these retrievals with field observations. Since the retrievals may be used for planning of field operations during INDOEX phase I, prior validation of the retrievals in the Indian Ocean region are essential.
  2.  

  3. S. Bony (LMD) and W. Collins (SIO) have begun an analysis of archival INSAT data to search for low-altitude cloud systems. The goal of this analysis is to identify regions with significant boundary-layer cloud cover that are promising targets for studying the indirect effect. Meteorological observations from the pre-INDOEX cruise will be used to test the detection algorithm.

 

The results of these initiatives will be used to support the first four INDOEX scientific objectives. Once the aerosol retrieval and cloud-detection algorithms have been tested, the validated algorithms will be used to derive cloud type and aerosol loading over the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean. The regional maps of aerosol and cloud properties will be used to relate the ship observations to pollution outbreaks from India and to large-scale gradients in cloud type and cloud amount.

6.4 FIELD OPERATIONS

 

Reception and archival recording of INSAT geostationary imagery will be provided by ISRO through facilities at IMD in Delhi If the launch of the next Meteosat satellite is successful, EUMETSAT will move Meteosat-5 over the Indian Ocean by Spring 1998. If the move is completed in time for the pre-INDOEX cruise, Meteosat data will be provided through EUMETSAT. Imagery from the Chinese FY-2 geostationary satellite, which will carry an instrument almost identical to the SVISSR on GMS, will be used if INSAT and METEOSAT observations are not readily available. The FY-2 imagery will be provided through a cooperative agreement with SeaSpace Corporation.

 

Data from the NOAA polar orbiters will be obtained through the NOAA Satellite Active Archive and/or UCAR, CERES, and ScaRaB data will be provided by INDOEX PIs on the respective science teams for each instrument. CNES has approved launching the second flight model of the ScaRaB Earth-radiation budget satellite sensor in mid-1997. Estimates of column-integrated water vapor, liquid water, and precipitation derived from DMSP microwave instruments will be obtained retrospectively from NASA, and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado.

 

 

Table 6-1: Satellite Instruments:

 

Platform

Instrument

Measurement

Application

NOAA-12,14,K

AVHRR

Vis/IR radiances

Aerosol optical depth, cloud droplet radius, TOA energy budget, cloud physical props. (spatial coherence)

 

 

TOVS

Mid-IR radiances

3-I retrieval of cloud, vertical distribution

 

INSAT Meteosat FY-2

Imagers

Vis/IR radiances

Low-cloud detection, TOA energy budget

 

DMSP

SSM/I/T2

Microwave radiances

Column water vapor, column liquid water, precipitation rates

 

ELEKTRO

ScaRaB

Broadband radiances

TOA energy budget

 

TRMM

CERES

Broadband radiances

TOA energy budget

 

TRMM

VIRS

Vis/IR radiances

Cloud properties, aerosol properties?

 

TRMM

TMI/PR

Microwave radiances

Tropical rainfall

 

IRS-P3

MOS

VIS/IR radiances

Aerosol distributions

 

 

 

7.0 TRAJECTORY MODELING PROGRAM AND OPERATIONS TEST

 

The following is a brief summary of activities proposed for an operation and trajectory forecast exercise to be conducted in Male, Maldives, during the INDOEX 1998 FFP. Overlapping the exercise with the cruise port call in Male would permit some immediate comparison of observations from the first leg with the model trajectories and might even help guide the second leg. Two items that would be most critical are: (1) the exercise of the communications system and the simulated operations; and (2) the evaluation of model trajectories for aircraft planning. Such an exercise is critical to the preparation for the full experiment in 1999.

7.1 TRAJECTORY FORECAST EXERCISE

 

We propose to undertake a trajectory forecast exercise during the ship cruise period of the 1998 campaign (10 February - 31 March) to test the trajectory forecast capabilities of various models and their application to the planning of aircraft operations.

 

Candidate models for this exercise are:

FSU Krishnamurti

ECMWF van Velthoven

India Mohanty/Raman

NRL Madala

CMDL Ogren/Harris

France Sadourny

 

Measurements obtained on board the ship and at INDOEX surface sites (Maldives, Mauritius) would be used to verify model trajectories. Also, several constant-level balloon flights are planned.

 

We propose that several models produce five-day forward trajectories from 6 - 10 points along the coast of India at around 4 levels (e.g., 950, 850, 500, 200 mb). Also, that five-day back trajectories be calculated from the ship location and the island sites. We propose that trajectories by calculated once per day at 1200 UTC and made available in near real time to Male, Maldives. Back trajectories could be calculated on a delayed schedule, especially if a shipboard radiosonde is used in the initialization (we will try to make these radiosonde data available in real time and put them on GTS or ftp directly to modelers for their use in initializations).

 

As part of the Male Operations Test we propose that the forward trajectories be communicated to a simulated operations center in Male during a 7 - 10 day period in mid-February. These products would then be used to plan simulated aircraft flights. We do not expect the trajectory data to be used in planning ship operations during the 1998 cruise. The primary goals of these activity are to develop flight-planning strategies for 1999 aircraft operations. Secondarily, these evaluations would appear to be useful for subsequent scientific analysis of the 1998 cruise data.

 

7.2 OPERATIONS CENTER TEST

 

We propose to conduct an INDOEX site survey (10 - 15 days) at the Maldives Islands during the period of the 1998 ship cruise, probably overlapping the time of the Male port call near the beginning of the cruise. During this period we would conduct simulated flight operations and other operational tests.

 

Simulated Flight Operations. Flight planning and simulated operations would be conducted for a 4 - 5 day period, based on generic flight plans for various scientific objectives. Model trajectory forecasts, 24 - 48 hour weather forecasts (including TAFs), and real-time satellite imagery would be utilized in this experiment. We propose that participants in this experiment include JOSS operations staff, possibly an aircraft scientist, and a project forecaster. Objectives of this activity are the following:

 

Other Operations Center Tests. Activities of a simulated operations center would provide a test of a number of other important operational requirements:

 

Other Support to 1998 Campaign.

 

Flight Simulation Workshop. A complete dataset will be collected for a 10 - 15 day period. This dataset will then be utilized during a 1 - 2 day Flight Simulation Workshop with INDOEX flight scientists, in connection with the INDOEX Aircraft Flight Planning Meeting in April 1998.

 

 

8.0 DATA PROTOCOL AND MANAGEMENT

 

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Resolution 40 (26 October 1995) will comprise the basis for the INDOEX data protocol to be adopted and practiced by each of the INDOEX data centers:

 

"As a fundamental principle of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and in consonance with the expanding requirements for its scientific and technical expertise, WMO commits itself to broadening and enhancing the free and unrestricted international exchange of meteorological and related data and products."

 

Full details of logistics such as exchange policy, written agreements, Memorandum of Understandings, etc., to implement this protocol will be addressed in the INDOEX Data Management Plan currently in preparation.

 

The data will be available through a variety of INDOEX data centers. Final data archives will be established at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS), Boulder, Colorado, USA [U.S. Datasets] and the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi, India [Indian Datasets]. European datasets will be archived at a data center to be determined. Data exchange between data centers and INDOEX participants will take place initially through the C4 Integrated Data System (CIDS) centers. CIDS centers will facilitate data exchange of derived products through the use of a common data format. CIDS software and format converters will be installed at the Scripps and NPL INDOEX data centers. Should the proposed European site come on-line, the software and converters will be installed at the designated European location as well. The CIDS site managers are responsible for the timely exchange of data between centers. The Scripps site will distribute all initial data submitted by INDOEX participants, and CIDS conversion products, to UCAR for archival purposes. INDOEX participants should request complete datasets directly form UCAR. CIDS sites will provide data subsets and collocated products on-line through the World Wide Web.

 

A data survey questionnaire will be developed between the various data centers and distributed to the INDOEX 1998 Cruise participants. The questionnaire will obtain detailed information regarding the various datasets (i.e., data format, dataset size, data frequency and resolution, real-time operational requirements, etc.), and will provide detailed descriptions of the requirements needed to coordinate data collection and ensure proper data archiving. The questionnaire will be distributed during Autumn 1997 and individual sample datasets will be requested. This will assist the data centers in handling and processing the data as well as developing necessary format converters. Results from this survey will be summarized in the INDOEX Data Management Plan.

 

A data survey questionnaire will be developed between the various data centers and distributed to the INDOEX 1998 Cruise participants. The questionnaire will obtain detailed information regarding the various datasets (i.e., data format, dataset size, data frequency and resolution, real-time operational requirements, etc.). The questionnaire will be distributed during Autumn 1997 and individual sample datasets will be requested. This will assist the data centers in handling and processing the data as well as developing any format converters necessary. Results from this survey will be summarized in the INDOEX Data Management Plan.

 

At the January 1997 INDOEX Planning Meeting (New Delhi), the Data Management Working Group discussed and agreed upon the following timeline (following the INDOEX field campaigns) for data submission to the respective data centers [dates respective for the FFP]:

 

® 6 months (or earlier) for operational datasets ONLY (e.g., satellite, upper air soundings, surface observations, model output, etc.) [by October 1998]. All field documentation (daily operations summaries, mission summaries, status reports, etc.) will also be available at this time.

 

® 12 months (or earlier) for processed research datasets [by March 1999]. Complete metadata (including dataset descriptions, documentation, calibrations, quality assurance results, etc.) must accompany the data. These data will be distributed to INDOEX participants ONLY. The Investigator will be notified by the data center when a request for the data is received.

 

® 12 - 24 months for final review of the data by the data centers and the INDOEX Investigators [March 1999 - 2000]. Any discovered data problems will be corrected and reprocessed by the appropriate data source. Updated versions will be submitted to the data centers.

 

® 24 months for open distribution to the general scientific community [March 2000]. Data centers will be responsible for making arrangements on data distribution (e.g., cost, method of distribution, etc.).

 

 

NOTE--To keep the various data-center archives up to date and consistent with latest dataset versions, the data centers will exchange current inventories at least every three months following the cruise.

 

 

 

Appendix A INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION

 

[Additional participants address/e-mail information to be added]

AGARWAL, V.K.
Space Application Center
Ahmedabad 380 053 INDIA
Phone: 091-079-6447043
Fax: 091-079-6568830, 6741626
e-mail: vka@sac.ernet.in

BABU, RAMESH
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: babu@csnio.ren.nic.in

BAHULAYAN, N.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: bahu@csnio.ren.nic.in

BASU, B.K.
N.C.M.R.W.F.
Mausam Bhavan
Lohi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

BEGUM, Z.N.
N.C.M.R.W.F.
Mausam Bhavan
Lohi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

BEIG, G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

BHATT, G.S.
Centre for Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3340450
Fax: 091-080-3341683
e-mail: bhat@cas.iisc.ernet.in

BHATACHARYA, SUMANA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: sumana@csnpl.ren.nic.in

BOSE
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5788734
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

CHAKRAVARTY, S.C.
ISRO Headquarters, Antariksh Bhavan
New Bel Road
Banglore 560 094 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3416271
Fax: 091-080-3419190
e-mail scc@isro.ernet.in

CHATE, D.M.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

CLARKE, ANTONY D.
School of Ocean and Earth Science
and Technology
Department of Oceanography
University of Hawaii at Manoa
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
Phone: 808-956-6215
Fax: 808-956-7112
e-mail: tclarke@soest.hawaii.edu

COAKLEY, JAMES A., JR.
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Oceanography Admin 104
Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 USA
Phone: 541-737-5686
Fax: 541-737-2540
e-mail: coakley@ats.orst.edu
College main phone: 541-7373504

DAS, J.
Professor, Head
ECSU, Indian Statistical Institute
B.T. Road
Bara Nagar, Calcutta, INDIA
Fax: 091-033-5566680
e-mail: jdas@isical.ernet.in

DATTA, BROTATI
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

DATTA, JAYATI
ISRO Headquarters, Antariksh Bhavan
New Bel Road
Banglore 560 094 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3334474
Fax: 091-080-3334229
e-mail: datta@isro.ernet.in

DESA, EHRLICH
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA

DESAI, PRANAV
Space Application Center
Ahmedabad 380 053 INDIA
Fax: 091-079-6568830, 6741626

DESHPANDE, C.G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

DEVARA, P.C.S.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

DEY, U.K.
Jadavpur University.
Jadavpur, INDIA

DHARORKA, SAVITA
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

DICKERSON, RUSSELL
Department of Meteorology
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland 20742-2425
Phone: 301-405-5364
e-mail: russ@metosrv2.umd.edu

DUBE, S.K.
Atmospheric Science Centre
Indian Institute of Technology
New Delhi 110 016 INDIA

DUTTA, H.N.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787831
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

GADGIL, SULOCHANA
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3340450
Fax: 091-080-3341683, 3341648
e-mail: sulo@cas.iisc.ernet.in

GOEL, M.K.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5788220
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: mkgoel@csnpl.ren.nic.in

GEORGE, J.P.
N.C.M.R.W.F.
Mausam Bhavan
Lohi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

GEORGE, M.D.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: george@csnio.ren.nic.in

GHOSH, A.B.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5788734
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

GOPALKRISHNAN
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

GRANAT, LENNART
Department of Meteorology
Stockholm University
S-10691 Stockholm, SWEDEN
Phone: 46-8-164348
Fax: 46-8-159295
e-mail: lennart@misu.su.se

GUPTA, PRABHAT
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

HEYMSFIELD, ANDREW
Mesoscale and Microscale
Meteorology Division
National Center for Atmospheric Research
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA
Phone: 303-497-8943
e-mail: heymsl@ucar.edu

JADHAV, D.B.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

JAIN, MEENA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

JAYARAMAN, A.
Physical Research Laboratory
Navrangpura
Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail jraman@prl.ernet.in

JAYAKUMAR, AMAL
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: amal@csnio.ren.nic.in

JOSEPH, B.
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
Bangalore 560 037 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-5274667, 5274649
Fax: 091-080-5260392
e-mail: joseph@cmmacs.ernet.in

JOSHI, P.C.
Space Application Center
Ahmedabad 380053 INDIA
Phone: 091-079-6447043
Fax: 091-079-6568830, 6741629

KAMRA, A.K.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

KAR, J
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5788220
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: jkar@csnpl.ren.nic.in

KELKAR, R.R.
Director-General
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

KIEHL, JEFFREY T.
Climate Modeling Section, Head
National Center for Atmospheric Research
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA
Phone: 303-497-1350
Fax: 303-497-1324
e-mail: jtkon@ncar.ucar.edu

KRIPLANI, R.H.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meterology
Dr. Homi Bhabaha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

KRISHNAMURTHY, B. V.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-461313
Fax: 091-0471-461313

KRISHNAMURTHY, K.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695-002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313

KRISHNAN, R.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

KULSHRESTHA, UMESHA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

KUMAR, M. DILIP
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: dileep@csnio.ren.nic.in

LAL, SHYAM
Physical Research Laboartory
Navarangpura
Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail: shyam@prl.ernet.in

MAHAJAN, K.K.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5787657
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: mahajan@csnpl.ren.nic.in

MANDAL, TUHIN
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

MISHRA, S.K.
National Center for Medium Range
Weather Forecasting
Mausam Bhavan, Lodhi Road
Delhi 110003 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-4619815
Fax: 091-011-4690108

MITRA, A.P.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5745298
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: apmitra@doe.ernet.in

MOHAN, M.
Space Application Centre
Ahmedabad 380 053 INDIA
Phone: 091-079-6447043
Fax: 091-079-6568830, 674-1626

MONHANTY, U.C.
Atmospheric Science Centre
Indian Institute of Technology
New Delhi 110 016 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-666979, 6023
Fax: 091-11-6862037
e-mail: monhanty@iitd.ernet.in

MUKHERJEE, B.K.
Indian Statistical Institute
Calcutta, INDIA

NARASIMHA, R.
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA

NAJA, MANISH
Physical Research Laboratory
Navrangpura
Ahmedabad 380009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail: manish@prl.ernet.in

NAQVI, S.W.A.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-832-221322, 226253
Fax: 091-832-223340
e-mail: naqvi@csnio.ren.nic.in

NARVEKAR, P.V.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: narvekar@csnio.ren.nic.in

NAWATHE, S.P.
Department of Electronics
Electronics Niketan, 6 CGO Complex
Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110003 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-4361329
Fax: 091-011-4362924

NGUYEN, HUNG V.
Center for Atmospheric Sciences
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive #0221
La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
Phone: 619-534-1040 or –1118
Fax: 619-534-4922
e-mail: hnguyen@ucsd.edu

PANDA, T.C.
Bahrampur University
Baharampur, Orissa, INDIA

PANDEY, P.C.
Space Application Center
Ahmedabad 380053 INDIA
Phone: 091-0272-447043, 445002
Fax: 091-0272-427708, 428073

PARASHAR, D.C.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5787162
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189

PAUL, RASHMI
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: rashmi@csnpl.ren.nic.in

PESHIN, S.K.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

PILLAI, A.G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

PRANESHA, T.S.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

PROSPERO, JOSEPH M.
Professor and Director
Cooperative Inst. Marine &
Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS)
University of Miami RSMAS
4600 Rickenbacker Cswy
Miami, Florida 33149 USA
Phone: 305-361-4789
Fax: 305-361-4891
e-mail: jprosper@rsmas.miami.edu

RAMACHANDRAN, S.
Physical Research Laboratory
Navarangpura
Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail: rama@prl.ernet.in

RAMANA, M. VENKATA
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313

RAMANATHAN, V.
Center for Atmospheric Sciences
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive, 0221
La Jolla, California 92093 USA
Phone: 619-534-8815
Fax: 619-534-7452
e-mail: vramanathan@ucsd.edu

RAO, KUSUM
ISRO Headquarters, Antariksh Bhavan
New Bel Road
Banglore 560 094 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3334474
Fax: 091-080-3334229

RAO, A.K.
NMRF P.O. Box 123
S.V. University Campus
Tirupati 517 502 INDIA

RAO, L.V.G.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: rao@csnio.ren.nic.in

SATHISH, Mr.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313

SATYAN, V.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

SENGUPTA, D.
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA

SENGUPTA, K.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313

SENROY, N.
Director-General
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

SHARDA
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
NAL Belur Campus
Banglore 560037 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-5274667, 5274649
Fax: 091-080-5260392

SHARMA, C.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

SHARMA, M.C.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5726570
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

SHARMA, O.P.
Centre on Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi 110 016 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-6853601, 6045
Fax: 091-011-6962037
e-mail: opsharma@iitd.ernet.in

SHARMA, R.N.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189

SHYAM LAL
Physical Research Laboratory
Navrangpura
Ahmedabad 380009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail: shyam@prl.ernet.in

SIKKA, D.R.
40 Mausam Vihar
New Delhi 110051 INDIA

SINGH, DEEPAK
Department of Electronics
Electronics Niketan, 6 CGO Complex
Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110003 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-4361329
Fax: 091-011-4362924

SINGH, LAKHA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: aksingh@csnpl.ren.nic.in

SINGH, R.N.
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
Bangalore 560 037 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-5274667
Fax: 091-080-5260392
e-mail: rnsingh@cmmacs.ernet.in

SINGH, RISAL
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5726570
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189

SINGH, S.V.
N.C.M.R.W.F.
Mausam Bhavan
Lohi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

SRINIVASAN, J., Professor
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3340450
Fax: 091-080-3341683, 3341648
e-mail: jayes@cas.iisc.ernet.in

SRIVASTAVA, S.K.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

SWATHI, P.S.
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
Bangalore 560 037 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-5274667, 5274649
Fax: 091-080-5260392
e-mail: swathi@cmmacs.ernet.in

TIWARI, M.K.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5760078
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: mktiwari@csnpl.ren.nic.in

TIWARI, V.S.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

UPADHAYA, H.O.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5788220
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189

VALERO, FRANCISCO
Center for Atmospheric Sciences
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive #0221
La Jolla, California 92093 USA
Phone: 619-534-8815
Fax: 619-534-7452
e-mail: fvalero@ucsd.edu

VENKATARAMAN, CHANDRA
Centre for Environmental Science &
Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
Powai Mumbai 400076 INDIA
Phone: 091-22-5782545, 3256
Fax: 091-22-5783480
e-mail: chandra@cc.iitb.ernet.in

VERNEKAR, K.G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825

VISWANATHAN, G.
ISTRAC
Bangalore 560 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-8394261, 5131 x435
Fax: 091-080-8398257
e-mail: geevee@hotmail.com

WILLIAMS, STEVE
UCAR/Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS)
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA
Phone: 303-497-8164
Fax: 303-497-8158
e-mail: sfw@ucar.edu

ZALPURI, K.S.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5788220
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: zalpuri@npl@sirnetd.ernet.in
zalpuri@csnpl.rev.nic.in

   

Appendix B INTERNATIONAL STEERING GROUP

 

ANDREAE, MEINRAT O., PROFESSOR, DIRECTOR
COAKLEY, JAMES A., Ph.D.
CRUTZEN, PAUL, PROFESSOR
DESBOIS, MICHEL, Ph.D.
DIRKS, RICHARD, Ph.D.
HEINTZENBERG, JOST, Ph.D.
KIEHL, JEFFREY T.
KLEY, DIETER, Ph.D.
KUETTNER, JOACH, Ph.D.
LELIEVELD, JOS, Ph.D.
MITRA, A.P. Ph.D., DIRECTOR
PROSPERO, JOSEPH M.
RAMANATHAN, V.
SADOURNY, ROBERT, Ph.D.
TUCK, ADRIAN, Ph.D.
VALERO, FRANCISCO, Ph.D.
NGUYEN, HUNG V. (Executive Secretary)
 

 

Appendix C UNITED STATES STEERING COMMITTEE

 

COAKLEY, JAMES A., JR.
CLARKE, ANTONY D.
DICKERSON, RUSSELL
HEYMSFIELD, ANDREW
KIEHL, JEFFREY T.
NGUYEN, HUNG V.
PROSPERO, JOSEPH M.
RAMANATHAN, V.
VALERO, FRANCISCO
WILLIAMS, STEVEN F.
 
 
 

Appendix D LIST OF ACRONYMS

 

AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

C4 Center for Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate (UCSD)
CARPOS Cloud Aerosol Radiation Pollution Observing System
CERES Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System TRMM)
CIDS C4 Integrated Data System
CLASS Cross chain Loran Atmospheric Sounding System
CNES Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (France)

DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (U.S.)
DOD Department of Ocean Development (India)

ECMWF European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting

FFP First Field Phase (INDOEX)
FSU Florida State University
FY Feng Yang (Geostationary Satellite)

GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite
GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA)

IFP Intensive Field Phase (INDOEX)
IITM Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (India)
IISc Indian Institute of Science
IITD Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (India)
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
INDOEX Indian Ocean Experiment
INSAT Indian Satellite (Geostationary Satellite)
IR infrared
ISRO Indian Space Research Organization (India)
ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone

JOSS Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR)

LMD Laboratorie de Meteorologie Dynamique (France)
LOA List of Acronyms

MBL Marine Boundary Layer
MISU Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.)
NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research
NCSU North Carolina State University
NIO National Institute of Oceanography (India)
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.)
NPL National Physical Laboratory (India)
NRL Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.)

OLR Outgoing Longwave Radiation
ORV Oceanographic Research Vessel
OSU Oregon State University

PBL Planetary Boundary Layer
PRL Physical Research Laboratory (India)

SABL Scanning Aerosol Backscatter Lidar
ScaRaB Scanning for earth Radiation Budget
SIO Scripps Institute of Oceanography
SPL Space Physics Laboratory (India)
SSC Scientific Steering Committee
SSM/I Special Sensor Microwave Imager
SSM/T2 Special Sensor Microwave Temperature
SST Sea Surface Temperature
SVISSR Super-duper Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer

TAF Terminal Area Forecast
TMI/PR TRMM Microwave Imager/Precipitation Radar (TRMM)
TOA Top of Atmosphere
TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
UCSD University of California at San Diego
UM University of Mauritius
UMD University of Maryland
UV Ultra Violet

VIRS Visible infrared Scanner (TRMM)

WMO World Meteo