INDOEX: 1998 CAMPAIGN
Experimental Design Document
Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) 1998 First Field Phase
DRAFT VERSION 2.0 5 SEPTEMBER 1997
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES AND EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW
3.0 SHIP PROGRAM
3.1
OVERVIEW3.2
MEASUREMENTS3.3
SHIP TRACKS AND SCHEDULE4.0 SURFACE MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM
4.1
GROUND-BASED MEASUREMENTS4.2
INDIAN OCEAN AEROSOLS PROGRAM5.0 UPPER AIR MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM
5.1
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES5.2
OTHER OBJECTIVES5.3
METHODOLOGY6.0 SATELLITE MEASUREMENT PROGRAM
6.1
SPECIFIC SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES6.2
SUPPORTING OBJECTIVE6.3
DESCRIPTION OF OBJECTIVES6.4
FIELD OPERATIONS7.0 TRAJECTORY MODELING PROGRAM AND OPERATIONS TEST
7.1
TRAJECTORY FORECAST EXERCISE7.2
OPERATIONS CENTER TEST8.0 DATA PROTOCOL AND MANAGEMENT
Appendix A INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION
Appendix B INTERNATIONAL STEERING GROUP
Appendix C UNITED STATES STEERING COMMITTEE
Appendix D LIST OF ACRONYMS
The first field phase (FFP) of INDOEX will be undertaken during 1 January to 1 April 1998. The goals of the FFP are threefold:
The following observing platforms will participate during this phase:
2.0 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES AND EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW
Specific objectives of the FFP are the following:
More importantly, this FFP will give the international science team an opportunity to collaborate across national boundaries in field campaigns. The experience that we will gain from this FFP will ensure the success of the IFP.
COMPREHENSIVE DATA SETS TO BE DETERMINED
EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW
The experiment consists of the following components:
The vessel to be used for the FFP is the ORV SAGAR KANYA (see vessel diagram in Figure 3-1 and specifications in Table 3-1). Measuring over 100 m in length and containing 13 scientific laboratories, the ORV SAGAR KANYA has an endurance of 45 days and a range of approximately 10,000 miles. The ship can accommodate up to 91 persons including 28 scientists. For meteorological data gathering the ship will be equipped with buoys and balloons, as well as standard weather sensors. Other sensors will be added by PIs involved in the project (see below). Laboratories onboard include wet and dry labs at the port side and on the main deck, a photo lab and print room, a multipurpose lab, electronic lab, geophysical lab, and chemistry lab. The ship also contains an intercom talk back system with 30 extensions as well as an automatic telephone system with 50 extensions.
The following measurements are proposed to be made aboard the Indian ORV SAGAR KANYA to realize the Scientific Objectives (see Table 3-2 for a complete list).
Table 3-1: ORV SAGAR KANYA Specifications (Part 1 of 2) |
Ship Name: |
ORV SAGAR KANYA (India) |
US NODC Code: 41SG |
||||||||
Dept. of Ocean Development (DOD) |
||||||||||
Contact: |
Director/Chairman, Ship Committee |
|||||||||
Operator: |
National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) |
|||||||||
Dona Paula Goa 403004 India |
||||||||||
Phone: |
91-0832-4612 |
|||||||||
Fax: |
91-0832-4612 |
|||||||||
Cable: |
OCEANOLOGY PANAJI |
|||||||||
Length (m): |
100.34 |
Range (n. mi.): |
9999 |
Crew: |
42 |
|||||
Beam (m): |
16.39 |
Endurance (days): |
45 |
Officers: |
18 |
|||||
Draft (m): |
5.60 |
Cruise speed (kt): |
12.0 |
Scientists: |
31 |
|||||
Gross Tons: |
4209 |
Max. speed (kt): |
14.2 |
Air Conditioned: |
yes |
|||||
Power (HP): |
4825 |
Aux. Power (HP): |
||||||||
Main vessel activity: |
Oceanography |
|||||||||
Year built: |
83 |
|||||||||
Ocean area where vessel operates: |
Indian Ocean |
|||||||||
Capacities and working spaces |
||||||||||
Dry cargo holds: |
450 m3 |
|||||||||
Fuel: |
0 m3 |
|||||||||
Fresh water: |
0 m3 |
|||||||||
Wet laboratories (total area): |
80 m2 |
|||||||||
Dry laboratories (total area): |
290 m2 |
|||||||||
Fresh water generator capacity: |
40 m3 |
|||||||||
Freeboard to working deck: |
9.8 m |
|||||||||
Free working deck area: |
470 m2 |
|||||||||
Space for container laboratory: |
2 m x 6 m |
|||||||||
Design Particulars |
||||||||||
Hull material: |
Steel |
|||||||||
Energy sources |
none |
|||||||||
Main engine(s): |
5 |
Make: |
Diesel El Model |
|||||||
Power (BHP) each main engine: |
4825 at 750 rpm |
|||||||||
Propeller Diameter: |
2.750 m |
Max propeller rpm: |
220 |
|||||||
Total power auxiliary diesels: |
0HP |
Table 3-1: ORV SAGAR KANYA Specifications (continued, Part 2 of 2) |
Electrical systems |
|||||||||
AC Voltage: |
660/400 V |
total |
630 kVA |
3 phase |
50 Hz |
||||
AC Voltage: |
0/400 V |
total |
400 kVA |
3 phase |
50 Hz |
||||
DC Voltage: |
0V |
total |
0V |
||||||
Stabilized system for scientific equipment: |
230 VAC |
160 AMP |
50 Hz |
||||||
Fixed equipment (navigation and communication) |
|||||||||
Nav. equip: |
Radar Decca SatNav Gyro EMLog DopLog |
||||||||
Comms: |
Fax SatCom |
||||||||
Comm sat: |
none |
||||||||
GPS: |
none |
||||||||
Acoustic |
|||||||||
Echosounders for scientific research: |
12 kHz |
30 kHz |
|||||||
Sonar: |
Geological |
||||||||
Provisions for silent ship operation: |
|||||||||
Oceanographic |
|||||||||
Oceanographic winches: |
0 |
||||||||
Steel wire length: |
9999 m |
Safe working load |
2 tons |
||||||
Conducting cable length: |
6000 m |
Safe working load |
2 tons |
||||||
Trawl winch length: |
9999 m |
Safe working load |
18 tons |
||||||
Other |
|||||||||
Specify: |
PVC Coated Wire |
length: |
6000 m |
safe working load: |
2 tons |
||||
Gantry |
Position: Stern, Amidships |
Clearance above deck: 9m |
Outboard extension: 3 m |
Safe working load at max. reach: 22 tons |
|||||
Crane |
Position: stern, Amidships |
Clearance above deck: 12 m |
Outboard extension: 9 m |
Safe working load at max. reach: 22 tons |
|||||
Other winches for instruments or sampling: |
Side Scan Sonar |
Magneto-meter |
Under Water |
||||||
Electronic data processing equipment permanently available on board |
Computer: HP 1000 2117F: IBM PC PC/AT |
||||||||
Vessel construction and maintenance supervision Construction supervised by: Classification Society: LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIP |
|||||||||
Others, specify: |
|||||||||
Published vessel data |
Magazine: Internal circulation only |
Essential requirements for the measurement of fluxes:
Figure 3-1
ORV Sagar Kanya
("Sea Maiden")
LOA: |
100 m |
Design: |
RF Reedereigemeinschaft |
|
Draft: |
5.6 m |
Forchungsschiffahrt GmbH, Bremen |
||
Displacement: |
4200 tons |
Construction: |
Schlichting-Werft, Travemünde |
|
Crew: |
60 |
Launched: |
1983 |
|
Scientists: |
31 |
|||
Max. Speed |
14.5 knots |
|||
Range: |
8700 n mi |
TABLE 3-2: CRUISE BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 1 of 3) |
Measurement
|
Instrument |
Investigator |
Institution |
Location on Ship |
CHEMISTRY AND TRACE GASES
|
||||
Surface NOx
|
Chemiluminence |
Gupta Lal |
NPL PRL |
Wet lab (main deck) |
CO2 (air/water) |
IR absorption |
Gupta |
NPL |
Wet lab (main deck) |
CO2 (sea water) |
Chemical |
George |
NIO |
Chemistry Lab. |
Surface CO |
IR absorption |
Lal Gupta |
PRL NPL |
Wet lab (main deck) |
Green House Gases (CH4/NMHC) |
Grab samplers/GC |
Gupta Naqvi |
NPL NIO |
Fore deck |
Surface O3 |
UV absorption |
Dickerson Zalpuri Lal |
UMD NPL PRL |
Wet lab (main deck) |
DMS (aqueous) |
Stripping |
Naqvi |
NIO |
Fore deck |
SF6 |
GC - ECD |
Lal |
PRL |
Wet lab (main deck) |
Surface SO2 |
Pulsed florescence |
Dickerson |
UMD |
|
Column O3 |
Brewer |
IMD |
Front side of B deck |
|
Sondes |
Kley |
KFA |
||
Precipitation chemistry |
Rain water collectors |
Gupta Devara |
NPL IITM |
Front side of B deck and Fore deck |
Precipitation chemistry |
W.O. Collector, major and trace components |
Granat |
MISU |
Front side of B deck |
TABLE 3-2: CRUISE BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 2 of 3) |
Measurement
|
Instrument |
Investigator |
Institution |
Location on Ship |
AEROSOLS |
||||
Aerosols Comp |
High volume sampler |
Gupta Devara |
NPL IITM |
Front side of B deck |
Aerosol mass conc. and size distribution |
QCM |
Jayaraman |
PRL |
Wet lab (main deck) |
Aerosols optical depth at 5 wavelengths |
Hand-held photometer |
Jayaraman |
PRL |
Front side of B deck |
Hand-held radiometer (MWR) |
Krishnamoorthy |
SPL |
Front side of B deck |
|
Aerosol optical depth |
SABL |
Heymsfield |
NCAR |
|
Sun photometers |
Shaw |
U Alaska |
||
Marine aerosols |
Aitkin Nuclei Counter |
Devara |
IITM |
Front side of B deck |
CCN spectrometer |
Shaw |
U Alaska |
||
Aerosols & gaseous optical depths |
Multi-channel solar radiometer |
Devara Krishnamoorthy |
IITM SPL |
Front side of B deck |
Vertical profile of aerosols |
Twilight photometer |
Devara |
IITM |
Front side of B deck |
Electrical conductivity and electric field |
Conductivity instrument A.C. Field Mill |
Kamra |
IITM |
Front side of B deck |
Aerosol size distribution |
Electrical aerosol analyzer |
Kamra |
IITM |
Front side of B deck |
Aerosol chemistry |
5-stage Berner Impactor |
Granat |
MISU |
Front side of B deck |
TABLE 3-2: CRUISE BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 3 of 3) |
Measurement
|
Instrument |
Investigator |
Institution |
Location on Ship |
RADIATION |
||||
Direct solar flux measurements at two spectral bands |
Pyheliometer and Pyranometer |
Jayaraman |
PRL |
Front side of B deck |
Total incoming & outgoing radiation |
Radiometer sonde |
IMD |
Back side of A deck |
|
Hemispheric broadband fluxes |
PSP pyranometers (295 – 3700 nm) |
Meywerk |
C4 |
|
5-channel narrow-band UV/VIS radiometer |
Meywerk |
C4 |
||
512-channel narrow-band spectro-radiometer (350 – 1050 nm) |
Meywerk |
C4 |
||
UV actinic flux |
UV radiometers |
Kley |
KFA |
|
METEOROLOGY PARAMETERS |
||||
Wind velocity and direction, humidity and temperature |
Propeller anememeter Pt., resistance temp., Humicap humidity sensor |
Sen Gupta Prabhu Raman |
SPL IISc NCSU |
Boom deployed from fore deck |
Meteorology observa- tions & ozone profile |
Radio & ozone sonde |
IMD |
Back side of A deck |
|
Upper Air Meteorology |
Radiosondes |
Heymsfield |
NCAR |
Back side of A deck |
Boundary layer |
SODAR |
Raman |
NCSU |
|
Clouds |
Wide-angle video camera |
Meywerk |
C4 |
|
OCEANIC PARAMETERS |
||||
Ocean Parameters |
CTD |
Rao |
NIO |
Main deck |
The proposed cruise track of the ORV SAGAR KANYA is shown in Figure 3-2 and the schedule of the ORV SAGAR KANYA is summarized in Table 3-3.
TABLE 3-3: PROPOSED SCHEDULE OF THE 1998 FIRST PHASE (FFP)OF INDOEX |
Date |
Event |
01 January |
Begin FFP special observations at Mauritius and Reunion Island Stations |
15 January |
Set up of INDOEX observatory on Kaashidhoo, Maldives |
02 February |
Begin operations and special forecast exercise in Male |
05 February |
Begin intensive vertical aerosol and water vapor profile data at Hulule (SABL) |
17 February |
ORV SAGAR KANYA Departs Goa, India. |
22 February |
ORV SAGAR KANYA arrives in Male. Install SABL on ORV SAGAR KANYA |
24 February |
ORV SAGAR KANYA departs Maldives for cruise south with possible one-day departure to Kaashidhoo (starting 22 - 23 February |
10 March |
ORV SAGAR KANYA arrives in Mauritius. Begin joint ship-surface instrument calibration and intercomparison studies |
12 March |
ORV SAGAR KANYA departs Mauritius for return cruise track back to Goa, India |
30 March |
ORV SAGAR KANYA arrives in Goa, India. Data collection aboard ship ends |
01 April |
End FFP special observations at Mauritius and Reunion Island stations End FFP Operations and special forecast exercise |
Figure 3-2
4.0 SURFACE MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM
Intensified surface observations will be undertaken from the following sites:
The following includes a consolidated list of experiments on aerosols, radiation and trace gas measurements; proposal for INDOEX, from different ground sites in India/abroad. These measurements are planned to be made regularly and begin much prior to and along with the 1998 INDOEX FFP and are expected to continue through the1999 INDOEX IFP. This list is based on:
[The measurements are basically pertinent to aerosols, radiation flux and trace gases. Some unknown areas still exist for which inputs have not yet been received and these are identified by `?' marks. These may be filled in while finalizing the list.]
Table 4.1 summarizes the major ground sites and types of measurements prepared at each location, while Table 4.2 gives a more detailed measurement plan.
4.2 INDIAN OCEAN AEROSOLS PROGRAM
The objective of the program coordinated by the University of Miami (J.M. Prospero, D.L. Savoie and H. Maring) is to develop a 2.5 year surface-based record of aerosol physical and chemical properties in the region of the INDOEX Intensive Field Phase. In order to obtain data that can be used for planning purposes for the Intensive Field Phase, a field station will be established in January 1998 on the island of Kaashidhoo, the Maldives. Installation includes a high-volume aerosol sampler modified with the insertion of 10 micron and 1 micron impactor stages; with these filter and impaction substrates aerosol composition will be measured in two particle-size ranges: 1 - 10 micron and less than 1 micron diameter. To minimize impacts from local sources, the sampler is controlled by a wind sensor system that activates the samples only when the winds blow from the open ocean at a velocity greater than or equal to 1 m/s.
The operating parameters and the local meteorological conditions (wind direction and velocity, temperature and RH) are logged by a computer and will become a daily part of the meteorological record for the site. The sampler will collect daily continuous samples (when conditions are met); all samples are returned to Miami on a weekly basis for analysis. In Miami, both size fractions of the aerosol samples will be analyzed for water-soluble Na+, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-, methanesulfonate, and NH4+. Weights after ashing at 500°C will be measured in order to estimate the ambient concentrations of mineral dust.
Also in January 1998 instruments will be deployed that measure aerosol light-scatter and light-absorption properties. Continuous measurements will be made of:
TABLE 4-1: GROUND MEASUREMENT SITES |
Ground Sites |
Institution Responsible |
Contact Person |
Measurements |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
C4 |
Dr. Jürgen M. Lobert Dr. Andrew Heymsfield |
Radiation and trace gases SABL and upper air soundings |
Mauritius |
SPL, NPL and IITM jointly with University of Mauritius (UM) |
Dr. A.P. Mitra (NPL), Dr. D.C. Parashar (NPL), Dr. B.V. Krishnamurthy (SPL), Dr. K. Krishnamurthy (SPL), Dr. P.C.S. Devara (IITM), Prof. I. Fagoonee (UM) |
Aerosol and trace gases |
Minicoy |
SPL jointly with IMD |
Dr. K. Krishnamurthy (SPL), Dr. Prabha R Nair (SPL), |
Aerosols Trace gases |
Mt. Abu |
Physical Research Lab. (PRL) |
Dr. A. Jayaraman Dr. Shyam Lal |
Aerosols and radiation Trace gases |
New Delhi |
National Physical Laboratory (NPL) |
Dr. D.C. Parashar Dr. P.K. Gupta
Dr. M.C. Sharma Dr. Risal Singh |
Aerosols and trace gases
Radiation and aerosols |
Pune |
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) |
Dr. P.C.S. Devara |
Aerosols, radiation and trace gases |
Trivandrum |
Space Physics Laboratory (SPL, VSSC) Physical Research Lab (PRL) |
Dr. B.V. Krishnamurthy, Dr. K. Krishnamurthy, Dr. K. Parameswaran, Dr. K. Rajeev Dr. N. Satyanarayana Dr. Shyam Lal |
Aerosols and radiation Trace gases |
TABLE 4-2: GROUND BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 1 of 4) |
Measurement
|
Instrument |
Location(s) |
Institution |
Measurement Frequency |
|
AEROSOL
|
|||||
Vertical Profiles (Mixing region up to ~2 km) |
Lidar (Continuous wave) (514.5 nm)
|
Trivandrum
Pune |
SPL
IITM |
1 profile/night 3 to 5 days a month 1 profile/night on all Wednesdays |
|
Vertical Profiles (up to stratosphere)
|
Pulsed lidar Nd:YAG (532 nm)
|
Trivandrum Mt. Abu Delhi |
SPL NMRF PRL/NPL/GSFC |
1 profile/night on desired days
|
|
Vertical profiles of aerosols |
Near IR Twilight photometer |
Mauritius |
IITM |
During twilight period of Jan-May 1998 |
|
Surface sampling, and size |
4-stage high volume sampler |
Trivandrum |
SPL/PRL |
Daily/ weekly |
|
8-stage Anderson impactor |
Mumbai |
IIT |
As needed |
||
Segregated Chemical Comp & Mass size distribution |
4-stage high volume sampler |
Minicoy |
SPL |
Daily/weekly |
|
Mass size distribution |
14 stage Anderson Sampler |
Trivandrum |
SPL |
1 per month |
|
10 stage QCM |
Mumbai |
IIT |
As desired |
Table 4-2: GROUND BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 2 of 4) |
Measurement
|
Instrument
|
Location(s)
|
Institution
|
Measurement Frequency |
RADIATION
|
||||
Spectral Optical Depth (vertical column)
|
10-channel multiwavelength radiometer (MWR) (380, 400, 450, 500, 600, 650, 750, 850, 935 & 1025 nm)
13-channel multiwavelength radiometer (MWR) (selectable 250 - 1100 nm)
Sunphotometer—5-channel (399, 497, 667, 848 & 1050 nm)
Spectrophotometer (350 - 1100 nm) |
Trivandrum, Minicoy, Mysore, Vizag, Jodhpur, Mauritius (Jointly)
Pune
Mt. Abu
New Delhi |
SPL
IITM
PRL
NPL |
On all clear days/clear periods of the days
On all clear days/clear periods of the days
On all clear days/clear periods of the days
On all clear days/clear periods of the days |
Global, direct, indirect radiation flux 300 - 1100 and 780 - 1100 nm |
Kipp & Zonen Pyranometer, suntracker, Pyrheliometer |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
C4 |
continuous, year round |
Global, direct, indirect radiation flux 300 - 700 nm |
5-channel, UV/VIS radiometer, BSI GTR-511 |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
C4 |
continuous, year round |
Light scattering extinction coefficient |
Radiance Research M903 Nephelometer |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
U Miami |
continuous, year round |
Optical extinction coefficient |
Radiance Research PSAP Aethelometer |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
U Miami |
continuous, year round |
Table 4-2: GROUND BASED MEASUREMENTS (Part 3 of 4) |
Measurement
|
Instrument
|
Location(s)
|
Institution
|
Measurement Frequency |
RADIATION (continued) |
||||||
Global & diffuse flux |
CIMEL Radiometer |
Trivandrum |
SPL |
regular |
||
Total incoming & outgoing radiation from ground to 30 km |
Radiometer sonde |
Delhi, Nagpur, Pune, Bhubneshwar, Trivandrum |
IMD |
regular |
||
CHEMISTRY AND TRACE GASES
|
||||||
Surface O3, NOx, CO, CO2 and CH4 |
GC, UV absorption, IR absorption, chemistry |
Mt. Abu, Minicoy, Delhi |
PRL NPL, NMRF |
regular |
||
Column content of trace species NO2, OC10, H2O, O3, BrO |
UV--visible spectrometer |
Pune, Mauritius |
IITM |
regular |
||
Surface, CH4, CO & NOx |
Gas & ion chromatographs |
Delhi, Mauritius |
NPL |
regular |
||
Surface O3 |
Chemical |
Delhi, Pune, Kodaikanal, Srinagar Mt. Abu, Trivandrumi |
IMD PRL |
regular |
||
Thermo Environmental UV absorption analyzer |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
U Miami |
continuous, year round |
|||
Surface CO |
API NDIR analyzer |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
C4 |
continuous, year round |
||
Surface SF6, CFCs |
HP GC/ECD |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
C4 |
quasi-continuous, year round |
||
O3 profile |
Ozonesonde |
Delhi, Pune, Trivandrum |
IMD |
quasi-continuous, year round |
||
O3 profile (Umkehr) |
Brewer spectrometer |
Delhi, Kodaikanal |
IMD |
quasi-continuous, year round |
||
O3 content |
Dobson |
Delhi, Pune, Srinagar, Kodaikanal, Varanasi |
IMD |
quasi-continuous, year round |
||
Rain chemistry |
W.O. collector major ions |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
MISU |
Rain event |
||
Bulk Aerosol Sampling |
Filter Impactor |
Kaashidhoo/Maldives |
U Miami |
continuous, year round |
5.0 UPPER AIR MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM
The data from the meteorological measurements will be used to plan INDOEX aircraft and ship tracks. The soundings will be of use in initializing and verifying pre-INDOEX numerical model studies, and calibrating remote sensing measurement algorithms.
High-resolution soundings of the marine boundary layer are essential to determine the height of the boundary layer, the tropopause structure, and to estimate entrainment. Transition of the boundary layer from a region of no convection (northern Arabian Sea) to a region of shallow
convection (southern Arabian Sea and northern Indian Ocean) and on to a region of to deep convection (near the ITCZ) requires obtaining the soundings systematically along the proposed ship tracks. The soundings will be taken in such way to investigate the existence of any diurnal
variations. CLASS soundings will provide the required high vertical resolution (40m), particularly in the boundary layer. There is no climatology of detailed information made in this region. Observations of CLASS profiles were made in conjunction with surface turbulent fluxes
during the ORV SAGAR KANYA cruise 120 (December 27, 1996 to January 30, 1997) by NCSU, SPL, and IISc.
Additionally,
6.0 SATELLITE MEASUREMENT PROGRAM
6.1 SPECIFIC SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
Calibrate narrow-band radiometers on operational geosynchronous weather satellites against broad-band satellite instruments in preparation for INDOEX FFP.
A complete description of the methodologies for retrieving aerosol optical depth effective cloud radii from satellite measurements is given in the U.S. INDOEX proposal. A summary of satellite instruments, measurements, and applications are provided in Table 6-1. Since the U.S. proposal was submitted, several additional initiatives for the satellite component of INDOEX have been undertaken:
The results of these initiatives will be used to support the first four INDOEX scientific objectives. Once the aerosol retrieval and cloud-detection algorithms have been tested, the validated algorithms will be used to derive cloud type and aerosol loading over the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean. The regional maps of aerosol and cloud properties will be used to relate the ship observations to pollution outbreaks from India and to large-scale gradients in cloud type and cloud amount.
Reception and archival recording of INSAT geostationary imagery will be provided by ISRO through facilities at IMD in Delhi If the launch of the next Meteosat satellite is successful, EUMETSAT will move Meteosat-5 over the Indian Ocean by Spring 1998. If the move is completed in time for the pre-INDOEX cruise, Meteosat data will be provided through EUMETSAT. Imagery from the Chinese FY-2 geostationary satellite, which will carry an instrument almost identical to the SVISSR on GMS, will be used if INSAT and METEOSAT observations are not readily available. The FY-2 imagery will be provided through a cooperative agreement with SeaSpace Corporation.
Data from the NOAA polar orbiters will be obtained through the NOAA Satellite Active Archive and/or UCAR, CERES, and ScaRaB data will be provided by INDOEX PIs on the respective science teams for each instrument. CNES has approved launching the second flight model of the ScaRaB Earth-radiation budget satellite sensor in mid-1997. Estimates of column-integrated water vapor, liquid water, and precipitation derived from DMSP microwave instruments will be obtained retrospectively from NASA, and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado.
Table 6-1: Satellite Instruments:
Platform |
Instrument |
Measurement |
Application |
NOAA-12,14,K |
AVHRR |
Vis/IR radiances |
Aerosol optical depth, cloud droplet radius, TOA energy budget, cloud physical props. (spatial coherence)
|
TOVS |
Mid-IR radiances |
3-I retrieval of cloud, vertical distribution
|
|
INSAT Meteosat FY-2 |
Imagers |
Vis/IR radiances |
Low-cloud detection, TOA energy budget
|
DMSP |
SSM/I/T2 |
Microwave radiances |
Column water vapor, column liquid water, precipitation rates
|
ELEKTRO |
ScaRaB |
Broadband radiances |
TOA energy budget
|
TRMM |
CERES |
Broadband radiances |
TOA energy budget
|
TRMM |
VIRS |
Vis/IR radiances |
Cloud properties, aerosol properties?
|
TRMM |
TMI/PR |
Microwave radiances |
Tropical rainfall
|
IRS-P3 |
MOS |
VIS/IR radiances |
Aerosol distributions
|
7.0 TRAJECTORY MODELING PROGRAM AND OPERATIONS TEST
The following is a brief summary of activities proposed for an operation and trajectory forecast exercise to be conducted in Male, Maldives, during the INDOEX 1998 FFP. Overlapping the exercise with the cruise port call in Male would permit some immediate comparison of observations from the first leg with the model trajectories and might even help guide the second leg. Two items that would be most critical are: (1) the exercise of the communications system and the simulated operations; and (2) the evaluation of model trajectories for aircraft planning. Such an exercise is critical to the preparation for the full experiment in 1999.
7.1 TRAJECTORY FORECAST EXERCISE
We propose to undertake a trajectory forecast exercise during the ship cruise period of the 1998 campaign (10 February - 31 March) to test the trajectory forecast capabilities of various models and their application to the planning of aircraft operations.
Candidate models for this exercise are:
FSU Krishnamurti
ECMWF van Velthoven
India Mohanty/Raman
NRL Madala
CMDL Ogren/Harris
France Sadourny
Measurements obtained on board the ship and at INDOEX surface sites (Maldives, Mauritius) would be used to verify model trajectories. Also, several constant-level balloon flights are planned.
We propose that several models produce five-day forward trajectories from 6 - 10 points along the coast of India at around 4 levels (e.g., 950, 850, 500, 200 mb). Also, that five-day back trajectories be calculated from the ship location and the island sites. We propose that trajectories by calculated once per day at 1200 UTC and made available in near real time to Male, Maldives. Back trajectories could be calculated on a delayed schedule, especially if a shipboard radiosonde is used in the initialization (we will try to make these radiosonde data available in real time and put them on GTS or ftp directly to modelers for their use in initializations).
As part of the Male Operations Test we propose that the forward trajectories be communicated to a simulated operations center in Male during a 7 - 10 day period in mid-February. These products would then be used to plan simulated aircraft flights. We do not expect the trajectory data to be used in planning ship operations during the 1998 cruise. The primary goals of these activity are to develop flight-planning strategies for 1999 aircraft operations. Secondarily, these evaluations would appear to be useful for subsequent scientific analysis of the 1998 cruise data.
We propose to conduct an INDOEX site survey (10 - 15 days) at the Maldives Islands during the period of the 1998 ship cruise, probably overlapping the time of the Male port call near the beginning of the cruise. During this period we would conduct simulated flight operations and other operational tests.
Simulated Flight Operations. Flight planning and simulated operations would be conducted for a 4 - 5 day period, based on generic flight plans for various scientific objectives. Model trajectory forecasts, 24 - 48 hour weather forecasts (including TAFs), and real-time satellite imagery would be utilized in this experiment. We propose that participants in this experiment include JOSS operations staff, possibly an aircraft scientist, and a project forecaster. Objectives of this activity are the following:
Other Operations Center Tests. Activities of a simulated operations center would provide a test of a number of other important operational requirements:
Other Support to 1998 Campaign.
Flight Simulation Workshop. A complete dataset will be collected for a 10 - 15 day period. This dataset will then be utilized during a 1 - 2 day Flight Simulation Workshop with INDOEX flight scientists, in connection with the INDOEX Aircraft Flight Planning Meeting in April 1998.
8.0 DATA PROTOCOL AND MANAGEMENT
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Resolution 40 (26 October 1995) will comprise the basis for the INDOEX data protocol to be adopted and practiced by each of the INDOEX data centers:
"As a fundamental principle of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and in consonance with the expanding requirements for its scientific and technical expertise, WMO commits itself to broadening and enhancing the free and unrestricted international exchange of meteorological and related data and products."
Full details of logistics such as exchange policy, written agreements, Memorandum of Understandings, etc., to implement this protocol will be addressed in the INDOEX Data Management Plan currently in preparation.
The data will be available through a variety of INDOEX data centers. Final data archives will be established at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS), Boulder, Colorado, USA [U.S. Datasets] and the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi, India [Indian Datasets]. European datasets will be archived at a data center to be determined. Data exchange between data centers and INDOEX participants will take place initially through the C4 Integrated Data System (CIDS) centers. CIDS centers will facilitate data exchange of derived products through the use of a common data format. CIDS software and format converters will be installed at the Scripps and NPL INDOEX data centers. Should the proposed European site come on-line, the software and converters will be installed at the designated European location as well. The CIDS site managers are responsible for the timely exchange of data between centers. The Scripps site will distribute all initial data submitted by INDOEX participants, and CIDS conversion products, to UCAR for archival purposes. INDOEX participants should request complete datasets directly form UCAR. CIDS sites will provide data subsets and collocated products on-line through the World Wide Web.
A data survey questionnaire will be developed between the various data centers and distributed to the INDOEX 1998 Cruise participants. The questionnaire will obtain detailed information regarding the various datasets (i.e., data format, dataset size, data frequency and resolution, real-time operational requirements, etc.), and will provide detailed descriptions of the requirements needed to coordinate data collection and ensure proper data archiving. The questionnaire will be distributed during Autumn 1997 and individual sample datasets will be requested. This will assist the data centers in handling and processing the data as well as developing necessary format converters. Results from this survey will be summarized in the INDOEX Data Management Plan.
A data survey questionnaire will be developed between the various data centers and distributed to the INDOEX 1998 Cruise participants. The questionnaire will obtain detailed information regarding the various datasets (i.e., data format, dataset size, data frequency and resolution, real-time operational requirements, etc.). The questionnaire will be distributed during Autumn 1997 and individual sample datasets will be requested. This will assist the data centers in handling and processing the data as well as developing any format converters necessary. Results from this survey will be summarized in the INDOEX Data Management Plan.
At the January 1997 INDOEX Planning Meeting (New Delhi), the Data Management Working Group discussed and agreed upon the following timeline (following the INDOEX field campaigns) for data submission to the respective data centers [dates respective for the FFP]:
® 6 months (or earlier) for operational datasets ONLY (e.g., satellite, upper air soundings, surface observations, model output, etc.) [by October 1998]. All field documentation (daily operations summaries, mission summaries, status reports, etc.) will also be available at this time.
® 12 months (or earlier) for processed research datasets [by March 1999]. Complete metadata (including dataset descriptions, documentation, calibrations, quality assurance results, etc.) must accompany the data. These data will be distributed to INDOEX participants ONLY. The Investigator will be notified by the data center when a request for the data is received.
® 12 - 24 months for final review of the data by the data centers and the INDOEX Investigators [March 1999 - 2000]. Any discovered data problems will be corrected and reprocessed by the appropriate data source. Updated versions will be submitted to the data centers.
® 24 months for open distribution to the general scientific community [March 2000]. Data centers will be responsible for making arrangements on data distribution (e.g., cost, method of distribution, etc.).
NOTE--To keep the various data-center archives up to date and consistent with latest dataset versions, the data centers will exchange current inventories at least every three months following the cruise.
Appendix A INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION
[Additional participants address/e-mail information to be added]
AGARWAL, V.K.
Space Application Center
Ahmedabad 380 053 INDIA
Phone: 091-079-6447043
Fax: 091-079-6568830, 6741626
e-mail: vka@sac.ernet.in
BABU, RAMESH
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: babu@csnio.ren.nic.in
BAHULAYAN, N.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: bahu@csnio.ren.nic.in
BASU, B.K.
N.C.M.R.W.F.
Mausam Bhavan
Lohi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
BEGUM, Z.N.
N.C.M.R.W.F.
Mausam Bhavan
Lohi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
BEIG, G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
BHATT, G.S.
Centre for Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3340450
Fax: 091-080-3341683
e-mail: bhat@cas.iisc.ernet.in
BHATACHARYA, SUMANA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: sumana@csnpl.ren.nic.in
BOSE
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5788734
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
CHAKRAVARTY, S.C.
ISRO Headquarters, Antariksh Bhavan
New Bel Road
Banglore 560 094 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3416271
Fax: 091-080-3419190
e-mail scc@isro.ernet.in
CHATE, D.M.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
CLARKE, ANTONY D.
School of Ocean and Earth Science
and Technology
Department of Oceanography
University of Hawaii at Manoa
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
Phone: 808-956-6215
Fax: 808-956-7112
e-mail: tclarke@soest.hawaii.edu
COAKLEY, JAMES A., JR.
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
Oceanography Admin 104
Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 USA
Phone: 541-737-5686
Fax: 541-737-2540
e-mail: coakley@ats.orst.edu
College main phone: 541-7373504
DAS, J.
Professor, Head
ECSU, Indian Statistical Institute
B.T. Road
Bara Nagar, Calcutta, INDIA
Fax: 091-033-5566680
e-mail: jdas@isical.ernet.in
DATTA, BROTATI
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
DATTA, JAYATI
ISRO Headquarters, Antariksh Bhavan
New Bel Road
Banglore 560 094 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3334474
Fax: 091-080-3334229
e-mail: datta@isro.ernet.in
DESA, EHRLICH
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
DESAI, PRANAV
Space Application Center
Ahmedabad 380 053 INDIA
Fax: 091-079-6568830, 6741626
DESHPANDE, C.G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
DEVARA, P.C.S.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
DEY, U.K.
Jadavpur University.
Jadavpur, INDIA
DHARORKA, SAVITA
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
DICKERSON, RUSSELL
Department of Meteorology
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland 20742-2425
Phone: 301-405-5364
e-mail: russ@metosrv2.umd.edu
DUBE, S.K.
Atmospheric Science Centre
Indian Institute of Technology
New Delhi 110 016 INDIA
DUTTA, H.N.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787831
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
GADGIL, SULOCHANA
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3340450
Fax: 091-080-3341683, 3341648
e-mail: sulo@cas.iisc.ernet.in
GOEL, M.K.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5788220
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: mkgoel@csnpl.ren.nic.in
GEORGE, J.P.
N.C.M.R.W.F.
Mausam Bhavan
Lohi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
GEORGE, M.D.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: george@csnio.ren.nic.in
GHOSH, A.B.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5788734
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
GOPALKRISHNAN
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
GRANAT, LENNART
Department of Meteorology
Stockholm University
S-10691 Stockholm, SWEDEN
Phone: 46-8-164348
Fax: 46-8-159295
e-mail: lennart@misu.su.se
GUPTA, PRABHAT
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
HEYMSFIELD, ANDREW
Mesoscale and Microscale
Meteorology Division
National Center for Atmospheric Research
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA
Phone: 303-497-8943
e-mail: heymsl@ucar.edu
JADHAV, D.B.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
JAIN, MEENA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
JAYARAMAN, A.
Physical Research Laboratory
Navrangpura
Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail jraman@prl.ernet.in
JAYAKUMAR, AMAL
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: amal@csnio.ren.nic.in
JOSEPH, B.
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
Bangalore 560 037 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-5274667, 5274649
Fax: 091-080-5260392
e-mail: joseph@cmmacs.ernet.in
JOSHI, P.C.
Space Application Center
Ahmedabad 380053 INDIA
Phone: 091-079-6447043
Fax: 091-079-6568830, 6741629
KAMRA, A.K.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
KAR, J
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5788220
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: jkar@csnpl.ren.nic.in
KELKAR, R.R.
Director-General
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
KIEHL, JEFFREY T.
Climate Modeling Section, Head
National Center for Atmospheric Research
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA
Phone: 303-497-1350
Fax: 303-497-1324
e-mail: jtkon@ncar.ucar.edu
KRIPLANI, R.H.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meterology
Dr. Homi Bhabaha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
KRISHNAMURTHY, B. V.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-461313
Fax: 091-0471-461313
KRISHNAMURTHY, K.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695-002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313
KRISHNAN, R.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
KULSHRESTHA, UMESHA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
KUMAR, M. DILIP
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: dileep@csnio.ren.nic.in
LAL, SHYAM
Physical Research Laboartory
Navarangpura
Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail: shyam@prl.ernet.in
MAHAJAN, K.K.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5787657
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: mahajan@csnpl.ren.nic.in
MANDAL, TUHIN
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
MISHRA, S.K.
National Center for Medium Range
Weather Forecasting
Mausam Bhavan, Lodhi Road
Delhi 110003 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-4619815
Fax: 091-011-4690108
MITRA, A.P.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5745298
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: apmitra@doe.ernet.in
MOHAN, M.
Space Application Centre
Ahmedabad 380 053 INDIA
Phone: 091-079-6447043
Fax: 091-079-6568830, 674-1626
MONHANTY, U.C.
Atmospheric Science Centre
Indian Institute of Technology
New Delhi 110 016 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-666979, 6023
Fax: 091-11-6862037
e-mail: monhanty@iitd.ernet.in
MUKHERJEE, B.K.
Indian Statistical Institute
Calcutta, INDIA
NARASIMHA, R.
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
NAJA, MANISH
Physical Research Laboratory
Navrangpura
Ahmedabad 380009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail: manish@prl.ernet.in
NAQVI, S.W.A.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-832-221322, 226253
Fax: 091-832-223340
e-mail: naqvi@csnio.ren.nic.in
NARVEKAR, P.V.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: narvekar@csnio.ren.nic.in
NAWATHE, S.P.
Department of Electronics
Electronics Niketan, 6 CGO Complex
Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110003 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-4361329
Fax: 091-011-4362924
NGUYEN, HUNG V.
Center for Atmospheric Sciences
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive #0221
La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
Phone: 619-534-1040 or –1118
Fax: 619-534-4922
e-mail: hnguyen@ucsd.edu
PANDA, T.C.
Bahrampur University
Baharampur, Orissa, INDIA
PANDEY, P.C.
Space Application Center
Ahmedabad 380053 INDIA
Phone: 091-0272-447043, 445002
Fax: 091-0272-427708, 428073
PARASHAR, D.C.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5787162
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
PAUL, RASHMI
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5760078
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: rashmi@csnpl.ren.nic.in
PESHIN, S.K.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
PILLAI, A.G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
PRANESHA, T.S.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
PROSPERO, JOSEPH M.
Professor and Director
Cooperative Inst. Marine &
Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS)
University of Miami RSMAS
4600 Rickenbacker Cswy
Miami, Florida 33149 USA
Phone: 305-361-4789
Fax: 305-361-4891
e-mail: jprosper@rsmas.miami.edu
RAMACHANDRAN, S.
Physical Research Laboratory
Navarangpura
Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail: rama@prl.ernet.in
RAMANA, M. VENKATA
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313
RAMANATHAN, V.
Center for Atmospheric Sciences
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive, 0221
La Jolla, California 92093 USA
Phone: 619-534-8815
Fax: 619-534-7452
e-mail: vramanathan@ucsd.edu
RAO, KUSUM
ISRO Headquarters, Antariksh Bhavan
New Bel Road
Banglore 560 094 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3334474
Fax: 091-080-3334229
RAO, A.K.
NMRF P.O. Box 123
S.V. University Campus
Tirupati 517 502 INDIA
RAO, L.V.G.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Phone: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
e-mail: rao@csnio.ren.nic.in
SATHISH, Mr.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313
SATYAN, V.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
SENGUPTA, D.
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
SENGUPTA, K.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Phone: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313
SENROY, N.
Director-General
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
SHARDA
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
NAL Belur Campus
Banglore 560037 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-5274667, 5274649
Fax: 091-080-5260392
SHARMA, C.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
SHARMA, M.C.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5726570
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
SHARMA, O.P.
Centre on Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi 110 016 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-6853601, 6045
Fax: 091-011-6962037
e-mail: opsharma@iitd.ernet.in
SHARMA, R.N.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
SHYAM LAL
Physical Research Laboratory
Navrangpura
Ahmedabad 380009 INDIA
Phone: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
e-mail: shyam@prl.ernet.in
SIKKA, D.R.
40 Mausam Vihar
New Delhi 110051 INDIA
SINGH, DEEPAK
Department of Electronics
Electronics Niketan, 6 CGO Complex
Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110003 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-4361329
Fax: 091-011-4362924
SINGH, LAKHA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: aksingh@csnpl.ren.nic.in
SINGH, R.N.
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
Bangalore 560 037 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-5274667
Fax: 091-080-5260392
e-mail: rnsingh@cmmacs.ernet.in
SINGH, RISAL
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5726570
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
SINGH, S.V.
N.C.M.R.W.F.
Mausam Bhavan
Lohi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
SRINIVASAN, J., Professor
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-3340450
Fax: 091-080-3341683, 3341648
e-mail: jayes@cas.iisc.ernet.in
SRIVASTAVA, S.K.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
SWATHI, P.S.
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
Bangalore 560 037 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-5274667, 5274649
Fax: 091-080-5260392
e-mail: swathi@cmmacs.ernet.in
TIWARI, M.K.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5760078
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: mktiwari@csnpl.ren.nic.in
TIWARI, V.S.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
UPADHAYA, H.O.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Phone: 091-11-5788220
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
VALERO, FRANCISCO
Center for Atmospheric Sciences
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive #0221
La Jolla, California 92093 USA
Phone: 619-534-8815
Fax: 619-534-7452
e-mail: fvalero@ucsd.edu
VENKATARAMAN, CHANDRA
Centre for Environmental Science &
Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
Powai Mumbai 400076 INDIA
Phone: 091-22-5782545, 3256
Fax: 091-22-5783480
e-mail: chandra@cc.iitb.ernet.in
VERNEKAR, K.G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Phone: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
VISWANATHAN, G.
ISTRAC
Bangalore 560 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-080-8394261, 5131 x435
Fax: 091-080-8398257
e-mail: geevee@hotmail.com
WILLIAMS, STEVE
UCAR/Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS)
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA
Phone: 303-497-8164
Fax: 303-497-8158
e-mail: sfw@ucar.edu
ZALPURI, K.S.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Phone: 091-011-5788220
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
e-mail: zalpuri@npl@sirnetd.ernet.in
zalpuri@csnpl.rev.nic.in
DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (U.S.)
DOD Department of Ocean Development (India)
ECMWF European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting
FFP First Field Phase (INDOEX)
FSU Florida State University
FY Feng Yang (Geostationary Satellite)
GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite
GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA)
IFP Intensive Field Phase (INDOEX)
IITM Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (India)
IISc Indian Institute of Science
IITD Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (India)
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
INDOEX Indian Ocean Experiment
INSAT Indian Satellite (Geostationary Satellite)
IR infrared
ISRO Indian Space Research Organization (India)
ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
JOSS Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR)
LMD Laboratorie de Meteorologie Dynamique (France)
LOA List of Acronyms
MBL Marine Boundary Layer
MISU Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.)
NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research
NCSU North Carolina State University
NIO National Institute of Oceanography (India)
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.)
NPL National Physical Laboratory (India)
NRL Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.)
OLR Outgoing Longwave Radiation
ORV Oceanographic Research Vessel
OSU Oregon State University
PBL Planetary Boundary Layer
PRL Physical Research Laboratory (India)
SABL Scanning Aerosol Backscatter Lidar
ScaRaB Scanning for earth Radiation Budget
SIO Scripps Institute of Oceanography
SPL Space Physics Laboratory (India)
SSC Scientific Steering Committee
SSM/I Special Sensor Microwave Imager
SSM/T2 Special Sensor Microwave Temperature
SST Sea Surface Temperature
SVISSR Super-duper Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer
TAF Terminal Area Forecast
TMI/PR TRMM Microwave Imager/Precipitation Radar (TRMM)
TOA Top of Atmosphere
TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
UCSD University of California at San Diego
UM University of Mauritius
UMD University of Maryland
UV Ultra Violet
VIRS Visible infrared Scanner (TRMM)
WMO World Meteo